Pengertian dan jenis-jenis Inversion (English Grammar)

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Di dalam kalimat inversion (inverse/pembalikan) kata kerja utama ataupun kata kerja bantu berada sebelum subjek. Ada dua tipe umum inversion:

1.    Subject-verb Inversion

•   Best of all would be to get a job in Willingham.
• On long wall hung a row of van Goghs.
• Then came the turning point of the match.
•  Here comes the first question.
• There is the dog. Call the dog.
• Down came the rain.
• There’s your sister.

Main/Auxiliary Verb + Subject

  2.   Subject-Operator Inversion

• Not before in our history have so many strong influences united to produce so large a disaster.
• Never again did I think of disobedience.
• On no account must he strain.
• So badly was he affected that he had to be taught to speak again.
• Is the weather improving?
• Not a word did he say

Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb

Perhatikan penggunaan so, such, neither, dan nor.

• She hadn’t known much about life, nor had he.
•  As infections increased in woman, so did infections in their babies.
• Such is the gravity of the situation that it has already sparked an international incident.I do not want to go, neither does Ali. 

Bentuk-bentuk inversion:

1.   Kalimat Pertanyaan (Questions)

• Have you finished your paper?
• Where is the concert taking place?

Perhatikan:
   I wondered how reliable was the information I had been given.

      2.   Setelah Ekspresi Kata Keterangan Tempat (Place or Direction Expressions)

•       In an arm chair sat his mother. (BUKAN In an arm chair sat she.)
•       Under a tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen.
•       Directly in front of them stood a great castle.
•       In the forest are many exotic birds.
•       In the forest I walked for many hours. (Tidak butuh diinversi; KK tempat nya bisa dihilangkan)
•       Here comes Freddy! (dalam percakapan)
•       There goes your brother. (dalam percakapan)
•       Nowhere have I seen such beautiful weather.

              Jika subjek sebuah kata ganti (pronoun):
              Here she comes. (BUKAN Here comes she.)

      3.   Kalimat Pengandaian (Conditional Sentences)

•             I would help you if I were in a position to help.
•       I would help you were I in a position to help. (inversion; kata if dihilangkan)
•       If he had asked, I would have been able to help.
•       Had he asked, I would have been able to help. (inversion)
•       If you should arrive before six, just give me a call.
•       Should you arrive before six, just give me a call. (inversion)

          Dalam kasus ini, kata negatif tidak di singkat:
            Had he not resigned, we would have beenforced to sack him.(BUKAN Hadn't he...)
            Had we not spent all our money already … (BUKAN Hadn’t we spent …)

            4.   Kalimat Perbandingan (Comparisons: As dan Than)

•       My sister spends more hours in the office than John.
•       My sister spends more hours in the office than John does.
•       My sister spends more hours in the office than does John. (inversion)
•       She was very religious, as most of her friends were.
•       She was very religious, as were most of her friends. (inversion)

          Inversion tidak digunakan ketika subjeknya berupa kata ganti orang (pronoun)

     5.   Kata-Kata Bermakna Negative (Negative Expressions)

•            I have never seen it.
•       Never have I seen it. (inversion)
•       He did not say a word.
•       Not a word did he say. (inversion)
•       I seldom sleep during the day.
•       Seldom do I sleep during the day.
•       Much have I learned from him. (much: tidak sedikit).
•       I do not want to go, and neither does Tom.
•       Sheila did not arrive late for work, nor did she leave

Negative + Auxiliary Verb + Subject

Kata negative lainnya: never, seldom, rarely, little, few, not a, not only, only later, only then, only if, not once, hardly ever, scarcely ever, barely ever, much, in no other way, under/in no circumstances, nor, neither. Not far dan not long tidak digunakan dalam inversion.

     6.   So + adjective… that; Such + be… that

•      Her business was so successful that Marie was able to retire at the age of 50.
•       So successful was her business that Marie was able to retire at the age of 50. (inversion)
•       The weather conditions became so dangerous that all mountain roads were closed.
•       So dangerous did weather conditions become that all mountain roads were closed. (inversion)
•       The play is so popular that the theatre is likely to be full every night.
•       Such is the popularity of the play that the theatre is likely to be full every night.

     7.   Dalam permohonan (Wishes: May)

•       May all your wishes come true!
•       May Allah bless you!

      8.   Story-telling

•       “What do you mean?” asked Henry.
•       “I love you” Whispered Jan.

                  Jika subjek sebuah pronoun:

                      “What do you mean?” he asked.

Reference:

• Azhar, Arsyad. 1987. Mastering Modern English Structure.  Ujungpandang: AMA Press.
• Biber Douglas & Susan Conrad, Geoffrey Leech. 2003. Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. England: Logman.
• Leech,  Geoffrey. 2006. A Glossary of English Grammar. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Hewings, Martin. 2002. Advanced Grammar in Use. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Philips, 2000. Deborah. Longman Preparation Course for the TOEFL Test. Longman.
• Swan, Michael. 2009. Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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Contoh, Rumus, dan Pembentukan kalimat The Passive Voice

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Passive Voice

Membentuk Kalimat Passive

Dalam kalimat pasif, objek dari kalimat aktif menjadi subjek di kalimat pasif. Contoh:

Active: The children helped the old man.

Passive: The old man was helped by the children.

Dari contoh di atas, terlihat bahwa objek (the old man) di kalimat aktif menjadi subjek di kalimat passive. Hanya kalimat transitif (kalimat yang membutuhkan objek) yang digunakan dalam kalimat passif. Contoh:

Active: An accident happened.

Passive: (tidak ada)

Pembentukan kalimat passive

	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Simple present	The boy recites the holy Qurân.	The holy Qurân is recited by the boy.
Present continuous	The boy is reciting the holy Qurân.	The holy Qurân is being recited by the boy.
Present perfect	The boy has recited the holy Qurân.	The holy Qurân has been recited by the boy.
Simple past	The boy recited the holy Qurân.	The holy Qurân was recited by the boy.
Past continuous	The boy was reciting the holy Qurân.	The holy Qurân was being recited by the boy.
Past perfect	The boy had recited the holy Qurân.	The holy Qurân had been recited by the boy.
(Simple) future	The boy will recite the holy Qurân.	The holy Qurân will be recited by the boy.
Future perfect	The boy would have recited the holy Qurân.	The holy Qurân would have been recited by the boy.
To be going to	The boy is going to recite the holy Qurân.	The holy Qurân is going to be recited by the boy.
Infinitive “to”	The boy has to recite the holy Qurân.	The holy Qurân has to be recited by the boy.
Present participle/ Gerund	I like inviting friends to my home	I like being invited to your home.

Catatan:

1. Present perfect continuous, past perfect continuous, future continuous, dan future perfect continuous tidak dipakai dalam kalimat passive.
2. Biasanya kalimat pasif digunakan tanpa kata by. Kalimat pasif umumnya digunakan ketika pelaku (subjek) tidak dikenal atau tidak penting untuk diketahui. Kata-kata by people, by me, by you, by the, by someone, by a man, by a boy, by the servant, dan seterusnya tidak perlu dipakai. Contoh: (a)  Rice is grown in India by someone.   (b) English is spoken all over the world by people.
3.  “will dan would” di atas mewakili bentuk kata modal dan frasa modal lainnya: should, can, must, may, shall, had better, ought to, have to, is supposed to dan lainnya.

Pembentukan kalimat passive dalam bentuk pertanyaan

	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Simple present	Do you paint the room beautifully?	Is the room beautifully painted  by you?
Present continuous	Are you painting the room beautifully?	Is the room being beautifully painted?
Present perfect	Have you painted the room beautifully?	Has the room been beautifully painted?
Simple past	Did you paint the room beautifully?	Was the room beautifully painted?
Past continuous	Were you painting the room beautifully?	Was the room being beautifully  painted?
Past perfect	Had you painted the room beautifully?	Had the room been beautifully painted?
(Simple) future	Will you paint the room beautifully?	Will the room be beautifully painted?
Future perfect	Will you have painted the room beautifully before I come home?	Will the room have been beautifully painted before I come home?
Infinitive “to”	Do you have to paint the room Beautifully?	Does the room have to be beautifully painted?

Di dalam kalimat passive kata keterangan cara seperti beautifully, well, dan sebagainya biasanya diletakkan sebelum kata kerja ke III nya atau past participle. Contoh: The room was beautifully painted.

Rumus Passive Voice

	Am, is, are, was, were	+ Verb III/Kata kerja ke III
Modal (Will, shall, can, may, must, should, dll)	+ Be
Have, has, had	+ Been
Am, is are, was, were, preposition, Kata kerja diikuti oleh gerund (enjoy, Appreciate, mind, finish, delay, dll)	+ Being

Source:

• Mastering Modern English Structure (1987) oleh Drs. Azhar Arsyad, MA [beliau sudah menjadi Guru Besar di UIN Alauddin]
• Understanding and Using English Grammar, Third Edition oleh Betty Schrampfer Azar

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